注意：このページには、一部の読者にとって不快または不適切な内容が含まれている可能性があります。
Note: This page may contain content that is offensive or inappropriate for some readers.

  • Glyph.04499
  • Strokes: 11
  • jlpt-N1　grade_09


MingLiU:
Mincho:
Gothic:
梁
梁

Login    Welcome!　Introduction    
Glyphs missing from your font set may appear strange, or not at all. We recommend enabling East Asian language support.


On-yomi   [ Toggle rōmaji ]
リョウ
RYO　U
Kun-yomi
はり　･　うつばり　･　うちばり　･　やな　･　はし
ha　ri　･　u　tsu　ba　ri　･　u　chi　ba　ri　･　ya　na　･　ha　shi

Glyph elements  [ Toggle Font ]

沐
モク,もく,あら bathe, cleanse, wash; to receive, to be given, to have conferred upon
　ROD in WASHING BY HAND
…or: FLUIDS with STALK, STEM, WOODY
　
氵
×,さんずい fluidity, fluid
　emphasis on MANY DRIPS, DRIPPING, COOLING PROCESS
…or: MANY TIMES DROPS
　
刅
ソウ,ショウ,つく,はじ,きず double-edged; inventive; sharp; creative; a new beginning; scarred for life
　BLADE EDGE and EMPHASIZED on both sides
…or: EMISSIONS with ERECTION in NO-LONGER-INTEGRATED FOOT
　
朩
× hemp; herbs, cannabis; et cetera; wait while passing time without anxiety
　TWISTED SMALL
…or: ROD-LIKE with STEADY STREAM of EMISSIONS
…or: ARRAY of SMALL EMISSIONS
…or: SCREWING in COPULATION
　
木
ボク,モク,き,こ～ wood, woody stalk, stem, wooden, a woody, tree, implanted, simple, simpleton, coffin, encased death, unfeeling, numb
　TWISTING a TAUT HEAD
…or: SCREWING EMISSIONS
…or: HAND on TAUT ROD
　
Meanings of elements
RECEIVE, BE GIVEN, HAVE CONFERRED UPON, WASH with INVENTIVE, DOUBLE-EDGED
…or: FLUID with DOUBLE-EDGED, INVENTIVE, SHARP and with WOOD, WOODY STALKS
…or: CONFER and ON BOTH SIDES with HEMP, TWISTED and SPLIT
「Bathing, washing」and「creative, inventive, start doing」between sessions was discovered as a way to attract and entrap clients (suckers, fish, slippery meat) and to generate more revenue with returning customers, and「double-edged」since washing also mitigates the spread of infection, foul odors, and slippery flooring. Something can get in, but cannot pull out, such as slippery meat in a WEIR fish trap: river「flow with wood invention」a snare for fishy meat flowing by a line of woody stakes pounded into the sandy channel bottom and「washed」into a trap.
　Perhaps the place where cut hemp plants (朩 in traditional fonts) were hung to dry, tied and spread into two bunches (刅), with one hanging down on each side of a roof RAFTER where it is dry, warm, and deliberately out of reach, scattering seeds from time to time on both sides:「cut hemp, both sides, twisted and split, conferred upon」a BEAM. Tobacco leaves and other plants are still dried in this same manner today.

Modern definitions (that generally disregard history) …excluding politically incorrect concepts and other meanings deemed offensive today; may list only pigeonholed definitions, euphemisms, or meaningless mnemonics)
Chinese: beam of roof; bridge; name of Kingdoms and Dynasties at different periods
Japanese: beam, joist
Unihan extended: bridge; beam; rafters
EDRDG: weir; fish trap; beam; girder

Always keep in mind that these glyphs were originally created by groups of clever old men as vulgar riddles and analogies for their own entertainment (see 籒 for that) and represented Chinese society many thousands of years ago, and not as a written or spoken language. If these glyphs had been intended for language use, the sages could not have possibly designed a worse system. Is it truly possible that all these glyphs started out as off-color jokes and puzzles? Yes! It is! Sex had no shame in ancient China. Why would it? And now, there is a cover-up. No one is suggesting these glyphs depict contemporary life in China, Japan, or anywhere else. This site describes glyph meanings, not people. These glyphs however, describe many and various things, including people, long before there were any notions of becoming politically incorrect. The question to be answered is, should these glyphs continue being used, by anyone, anywhere, for expressing language? (More...) Despite how bad the human world is today, do you actually believe that the so-called good old days were any better? Or they could only have been worse?

By the way, with a limited number of the same elements used by the sages again and again to form these glyphs, you should expect to find the same explanations again and again, as tedious as that may become, and as an inherent trait of any dictionary. This site explains the dual meanings of glyphs most often ignored by other sources that provide you with only the sanctioned definition, generally.


Primal elements

汏
丨
汁
ハ
氵
木
丶
冫
丿
ㄅ
刃
大
十
ノ
ナ
乀
二
㇀
八
刀

Japanese vocabulary: 23 entries


Chinese usage: 104 entries


Used in glyphs (or, see also): 3 entries

粱
リョウ,あわ sorghum
　ROOF RAFTER, BEAM, JOIST, FISH TRAP, WEIR and EMIT UPWARD, SPURTING UP
…or: FLUIDS and DOUBLE-EDGED, INVENTIVE, SHARP and STICKY BLOB OR SPLAT, MANY SEEDS IN ONE PLACE, GRAINS
　
𥱋
× HTML entity: 𥱋 inventive, posture for quick release, completely unique experience, washing oneself after visiting a brothel, novel idea
　multiple HEAD SLIDING with BUMPING INTO and FLUID with ERECTION REAMING
…or: BAMBOO, LORDOSIS POSITION and FLUIDS from AN EDGE with WOODY
…or: BOWING OVER with emphasis on ERECTION that REAMED, NO-LONGER-INTEGRATED FOOT and BATHE, CLEANSE, WASH WHAT WAS CONFERRED
…or: FISH TRAP of LORDOSIS POSITION
　
簗
リョウ,やな fish trap, weir, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　BAMBOO BASKET with FISH TRAP, WEIR
　

Related glyphs　[ Toggle font ]

樑
リョウ,はり,うつばり,うちばり,やな,はし bridge, roof rafter, beam, joist
　WOOD and CONFERRED UPON, WASH with INVENTIVE TWO-SIDED EDGES
…or: WOOD with FLUID SPLIT AND TWISTING and TWO-SIDED EDGES, INVENTIVE
…or: GROUPING OF WOOD LOGS with FLUID and TWO-SIDED, INVENTIVE
…or: WOOD with BEAMS, RAFTERS, JOISTS, GIRDERS, AND FISH TRAPS
　
朩
× hemp; herbs, cannabis; et cetera; wait while passing time without anxiety
　TWISTED SMALL
…or: ROD-LIKE with STEADY STREAM of EMISSIONS
…or: ARRAY of SMALL EMISSIONS
…or: SCREWING in COPULATION
　
十
ジュウ,ジッ,ジュッ,とお filled completely, perfectly full; screwing, rotating, twisting, turning; crossed shape; closing a hole or other opening, plugged, blocked; needle; ten
　VERTICALLY and HORIZONTALLY
…or: TOP TO BOTTOM and SIDE TO SIDE
　
ハ
× HTML entity: ハ emit downward
　EMISSIONS, EMIT DROPS
…or: HEAD TAUT
　

Similar glyphs with related meanings: 35 entries

圯
イ,シ,× connected and bridging, to form a bridge, soil wall surrounding a moat, riverbank, slimy berm
　ORIFICE attached to the SHITTY END OF THE SHAFT
…or: SOIL with ANYTHING SNAKE-LIKE
…or: PENIS within FECAL ORIFICE or CAVITY
　
彴
ハク,シャク,チャク,テキ,まるきばし a single log used as a bridge, bridging a gap, foot bridge, pillwood
　ROD HEAD SLIDING of PERSON, LOITERING with ROD inside WRAPPER OF NO-LONGER-INTEGRATED FOOT INSTEP
…or: STANDING IDLE, PURPOSELESS MOTION with emphasis on DIPPING INTO, SELECTED PART, VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF FLUIDS
　
杠
コウ,ちぎり,てこ bar, rod, lever, thick pole, pry bar; tapered, sharpened, pointed; dildo as joystick; footbridge
　WOOD, STALK, STEM and CLOSED SEAM OF SKIN, CRAFT AND SKILL NECESSARY TO PERFORM A JOB
　
矼
コウ,× stone bridge, hard, serious-minded, stepping stones
　STONES against FLESH SEAM
…or: ROCK and CRAFT AND SKILL NECESSARY TO PERFORM A JOB, PLANNING, TRADING ONE THING FOR ANOTHER
　
約
ヤク,つづ,つづま to make an appointment, to invite, approximately, about when; promise, binding contract; restrict, abridge, shorten time or material, economize
　STRINGY THREADS, VARIOUS PENILE EMISSIONS, HUMAN CONNECTION and SCOOP, DIP INTO, SELECTED, SMALL AMOUNT OF FLUIDS, 3/5 OZ.
　
柱
チュウ,はしら pillar, column, pole, post, a support, counter for buddhas, gods, and nobles
　CONTROL with RESTRICTED USE
…or: COVER for PREVENTION
…or: emphasis on THICK POLE ARRAY
…or: TWISTED, FORCIBLY, AGAINST ONE'S WILL and THIS SPOT RIGHT HERE
…or: TREE, WOOD and MAIN, PRINCIPAL
…or: the LORD'S WOODY
…or: emphasis on PERVERSE, PERVERTED
…or: emphasis on USELESS, IN VAIN
　
架
カ,か frame construction, span, build a rack, shelf, mount, to hang on a frame, meat rack
　SHOULDER POLE, MILKMAID'S YOKE and ORIFICE, MOUTH, CAVITY
…or: ADDITIONAL, COOLIDGE EFFECT and FILLED COMPLETELY, PERFECTLY FULL SCREWING with EMISSION DOWNWARD
…or: AUGMENT and HEMP, HERBS, CANNABIS
…or: ADDITIONAL WOODY
　
桟
サン,セン,かけはし house for one's wares and goods for sale, animal pen fencing, framing, beam, bridge, scaffolding; pier; alcoholic beverage drinking establishment
　WOOD and REPEATED CONTINUOUSLY with SMALL, NARROW
　
梯
テイ,タイ,はしご ladder, steps, stairs, climbing the rungs of a ladder, being promoted, getting higher, bar-hopping, trolling for pussy, insatiable drinking; simultaneously being pulled from opposite sides, pressure from opposite sides
　WOOD in SUBORDINATE POSITION, SERVICING
…or: WOODY and SUBORDINATE POSITION, SERVICING A SENIOR, STUDENT, DISCIPLE, YOUNGER BROTHER, A JUNIOR MALE
　
堍
ト,× side of a bridge
　SOIL, FECES and BUNNY RABBIT, CONEY, HARE, HUMAN FEMALE WITH BUNNY-LIKE TRAINING
　
跨
コ,カ,また,またが span, bridge, to step across, to stride over, straddle
　SURROGATE ARTIFICIAL ORIFICE CREATED BY DEEP SKIN FOLD OF A NO-LONGER-INTEGRATED FOOT, ORIFICE OF EROTICA, LEG with EXAGGERATION, BOAST, PRAISED EXTRAVAGANCE
…or: ORIFICE OF EROTICA with BOTH HANDS on TWO BOUND FEET
　
楣
ビ,ミ,ひさし lintel, crossbeam, bridge
　DOING SOMETHING TOGETHER, EACH OTHER, BOTH OR ALL SIDES MUTUALLY, GOVERNMENT MINISTER, PHASE, PHYSICAL APPEARANCE, OBSERVATION of RECIPROCATING ROD MOTION within BUTTOCKS, GENITALS, CORPSE, EXCREMENT SQUATTING
…or: WAXY STINKY LUBRICANT, POST-COITAL BUGGERY CONDITIONS with CENTER OF A FLESHPOT, GOAL, PLACE WHERE EYES ARE FOCUSED, INTENTION, AIM, CONTENTS, EXPERIENCE, FAVORED, CARE, EYE
…or: TREE, WOOD EYEBROWS
…or: WOODY and TIGHTLY PACKED CLUSTER OF SHAFTS IN FOLLICLE CAVITIES
…or: WOODY with GOAL of ROD IN BUTTOCKS
　
榷
カク,コウ,キョウ,まるきばし footbridge; toll, levy; monopoly; authoritative power; rights and privilege
　SHII TREE, BEECH as A COVERING
…or: TREE, WOOD STALK, WOODY with HIGH AMBITION, EXTENDED NECK AND HEAD
…or: SURROUNDED by WOODEN JOINTS
…or: WOODIES with HIGH AMBITIONS, SURROUNDED BY MATING STANCES
　
駒
ク,こま colt, young male equine, novice, first-timer, foal, fleet-footed, rapid foot motions, horseshoe, horseshoe-shaped, twisting the top or tip of something, spinning top (toy), a piece (of meat, ass, and so on)
　FEELING NOTHING, NO SENSATIONS, EH? WAS THAT IT? IS THAT ALL? with HEAD SLIDING in NO-LONGER-INTEGRATED FOOT, WRAPPED INSIDE, WRAPPING AROUND WITH TENSE GASPS, HEAD AND NECK, DANGER
…or: HORSE, REGULAR MASTURBATION, PERSON OF DOUBTFUL ORIGIN, HORSING AROUND with SEDUCTION, TRAP, HOOKED, CONNECTED, CORRALLED, HEAD SLIDING IN ORIFICE OF NO-LONGER-INTEGRATED FOOT
　
頞
アツ,アチ,アン,はなすじ junction of nose and forehead, bridge of the nose, gaze focused looking downward along the sides of one's own nose
　COGITATING and PEACEFUL, RESTFUL, EASE, IN GOOD HEALTH
…or: SAFE, SECURITY, PEACEFUL, RESTFUL, EASE, INEXPENSIVE, IN GOOD HEALTH and ROD RECIPROCATING with SELFIE EMISSIONS
…or: TRINKET, BAUBLE, CHEAP CUTE AND SAFE with HEAD FACING DOWNWARD
…or: DELIBERATELY SURROUNDED by FEMALE with ROD RECIPROCATING and emphasis on FLESHPOT
　
橋
キョウ,はし bridging a gap, connecting two sides, bridge, two-person dual-headed dildo, beam crosspiece, passageway to the backside stage, fundamental stem of the brain, pons
　WOODY STALK with YOUNG, FRESH-LOOKING, TENDER JUXTAPOSED ORIFICES, ROWDY BEHAVIOR, FEMALE-FEMALE RELATIONS within VAGINAS, ORIFICES in SPREAD LEGS, SURROUNDING
…or: WOODY STALK, SCREWING EMISSIONS and ENGULFED with VAGINAL AREA DIFFICULT TO ACCESS, ONE'S NEIGHBOR
…or: WOOD with BOASTING, TALL AND PROUD POSE, BRAGGART
　
磴
トウ,× steps on ledge, cliff, or hill; scrotal retraction, cremasteric reflex
　STONES, ROCKS and MOVE UPWARDS, ASCEND, RISING, CLIMB, ATTEND TO DUTY, UNSTABLE STANCE with CLITORIS, FEMALE GENITALIA
　
汕
サン,× bamboo fish trap, weir, basket, netting, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　FLUIDS and EMERGE, PEAK SHAPE, GLANS
　
偃
エン,ふ supine, person lying flat on backside, anything flat and in a horizontal position, dammed flow, weir, a fish trap, snare or trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　SLAVE, SERVANT, TERM OF DEPRECATION, INSULT RIDICULE with CONTAINED, WALLED AND RESTRICTED AREA around TONGUING MOUTH FEMALE, SPEAKING, HAVING A REASON TO DO SOMETHING, PRETENDING, A PRETEXT, EXCUSE GIVEN TO HIDE THE TRUE REASON FOR SOMETHING
…or: PERSON with UNSEEN DEATH CONTAINED in EASE, TONGUING MOUTH FEMALE
…or: PERSON CONCEALED with TONGUING FEMALE
…or: PERSON DEAD from SERVICE PROVIDER DIVA
…or: ROD HEAD with FLUID SECRETION, HIDING, CONCEALING, TO GET BENT, REPRESS, TO LIE DOWN, FLUTTERING MOTION, A BUTTERFLY-TONGUE, THE 'BOX', GROOVE OOZING STAGNANT EFFLUENT, SEWAGE TROUGH, GUTTER SLIME, CONTAINED ROD WITHIN ORIFICE OF FEMALE
　
筌
セン,うけ,うえ bamboo fish trap, weir, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　BAMBOO and ALL IN, THE WHOLE THING
　
魞
×,えり fish trap, weir, entrapment of or by fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　FISH, SLIPPERY MEAT and ENTER, TO GO INTO
…or: SLIPPERY FISHY-SMELLING MEAT with TAUT ERECTION, TAUT HEAD SLIDING
　
滬
コウ,× weir, fish trap, fencing built into a river to divert fish, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat; something smells fishy, dubious, doubtful, potentially dangerous
　DOOR, HOUSEHOLD, BUTTOCKS CRACK, NARROW ENTRANCEWAY within MOIST, WET, DAMPEN, WETLANDS
…or: FLUID with ANUS, GET STARTED, SPREAD OPEN AND INITIATE ENGAGEMENT, ENLIGHTEN, AWAKEN TO SOMETHING NEW, EXPLAIN HOW TO DO and with A LONGING FOR, A YEN FOR, GREATLY DESIRE, CLINGING, ANXIOUSLY HOPING TWISTING, SCREWING, CORKSCREW-SHAPED, SPIRAL, VORTEX, SCREW HOLE STICKY SPREAD OPEN WIDE, BURROWING INTO SOIL HOLE
…or: FILTER, SEPARATE CHUNKS FROM FLUID with WHERE SOMEONE DWELLS, VILLAGE, SCREWING HOLE, VAGINA
…or: FLUIDS with ESCORT, RETINUE, INSOLENCE, ARROGANCE
　
鮅
ヒツ,ビチ,ます bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, smells fishy, fishy-smelling crotch, squid, cuttlefish, fish trap, weir, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat; dubious, doubtful, potentially dangerous
　HEAD AND NECK EXPOSED IN DANGER, LOOKING UPWARD, HEAD UP PEEPING OUT FROM INSIDE with THINK, CONSIDER and with THE HEAD OF AN ANIMAL OR PERSON SLIDING DOWN, DECLINING DAMMED FLOW with MANY EMISSIONS
…or: FISH, FISHING, WET AND SLIPPERY MEAT, FISHY SMELL, TO CATCH A SUCKER and CERTAIN, WITHOUT FAIL, INVARIABLE, INEVITABLE SEXUALLY TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES
　
簗
リョウ,やな fish trap, weir, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　BAMBOO BASKET with FISH TRAP, WEIR
　
羀
リュウ,ル,やな,うえ,うけ fisherman, gone fishing, fish trap, weir, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat, poultice netting surrounding genitalia
　NET and ENTERTAIN, DETAINED BY WINE
…or: NETTING with COCK and SLURRY PIT, PLUGGED ORIFICE
　
柵
サク,サン,しがら,しがらみ,とりで,やらい fence (as a barrier, literally or figuratively); bonds, fetters, ties of obligation, entwine around, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　WOOD ARRAY OF SPREAD LEGS
　
栫
セン,ソン,× fence, pickets, live fish trap with in-water fencing, anti-masturbation medical devices, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　MALE CHILD OFTEN WITH ERECTION, LIKE FATHER LIKE SON, ADULT-CHILD SEX and with HAND on VERTICAL ROD IN RECIPROCATING MOTION
…or: WOOD STALKS, WOODY and EXISTENCE, ALIVE, SURVIVAL, TO KNOW, MAINTAIN, STORE, MAKE AND LEAVE A DEPOSIT
　
笧
サク,しがら to entwine around; measure river, tidal, or sea current flow using a weir, fish trap, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　BAMBOO, BOWING OVER and OFFICIAL RECORDS, REGISTRY, JOURNAL
…or: LORDOSIS POSITION with SEVERAL ARRAYED SPREAD LEGS
　
笱
コウ,ク,× trapping fish, fish trap, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat; something smells fishy, dubious, doubtful, potentially dangerous
　BAMBOO and TRAP, CORRALLED, SEDUCED
　
堰
エン,せき weir, fish trap, water barrier, sluice gate, movable dam; hold back flow, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　SOIL, FECES, OPIUM and FLUID SECRETION, HIDING, CONCEALING, BEND, TO GET BENT or TONGUING FEMALE IN SPECIAL ZONE
…or: FECES with FLUID SECRETION, HIDING, CONCEALING, TO GET BENT, REPRESS, TO LIE DOWN, FLUTTERING MOTION, THE 'BOX', GROOVE OOZING STAGNANT EFFLUENT, SEWAGE TROUGH, GUTTER SLIME, CONTAINED ROD WITHIN ORIFICE OF FEMALE
　
罩
トウ,こめ a covering, to hang over and shroud or enshroud, to envelop, to screen from view, to shade, to load into or include inside; a means of trapping suckers, fish, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat in basket filled with fluids
　WEAVING WITHIN SPREAD LEGS with PRECOCIOUS CHILD, STANDING OUT, BRILLIANT, OFFERING TABLE WITH SACRIFICIAL MEAT DISPLAYED
…or: NETTING WITHIN SPREAD LEGS with ROD RAISED, STANDING OUT, OFFERING TABLE WITH SACRIFICIAL MEAT DISPLAYED and COMING EARLY
…or: NETTING with ROD RAISED as A REASON TO DO SOMETHING with SCREWING, TWISTING
　
䈇
× a covering, to hang over and shroud or enshroud, to envelop, to screen from view, to shade, to load into or include inside; a means of trapping suckers, fish, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat; something smells fishy, dubious, doubtful, potentially dangerous
　COARSE SHAFTS and RAISED ROD with VERTICAL
…or: BAMBOO SHAFTS and DIVINE PREPUBESCENT FEMALE with VERTICAL MAT
…or: BAMBOO, BOWING OVER, KOWTOWING and PRECOCIOUS CHILD, STANDING OUT, BRILLIANT, EMINENCE, SAGACIOUS, OFFERING TABLE WITH SACRIFICIAL MEAT DISPLAYED
　
鮊
ハク,ビャク,ベ,みごい,しろうお,がんき,かすべ bait, a baitfish, arousal and excitement, to hook a big fish, to trap a client, a score, a sucker, sucking, to suck, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　FISH, FISHING, WET SLIPPERY MEAT, FISHY SMELL, CATCH A SUCKER with OPEN-MOUTH, CONSPICUOUSLY WHITE, BLANK, EMPTY STARING IN A STUPOR
　
鯮
× shaman's older service providers; bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, smells fishy, fishy-smelling crotch, squid, cuttlefish, fish trap, weir, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat; something smells fishy, dubious, doubtful, potentially dangerous
　FISH, SLIPPERY MEAT, FISHY and HUMAN ANCESTORS, RELIGION, IMPORTANT OR MAIN POINT, HEAD PERSON
　
鱎
キョウ,みごい bait, a baitfish, arousal and excitement, to hook a big fish, to trap a client, a score; someone returning home after having been fishing successfully; going out for drinks with buddies after visiting a brothel, searching for the meaning of life, finding the meaning of life, trap for fishy-smelling wet slippery meat
　SLIPPERY MEAT, FISHING with YOUNG FEMALE ORIFICES IN SPREAD LEGS
…or: FISHING with TALL AND PROUD POSE
…or: FISHING for BRAGGART
　
  • Glyph.04499
  • Strokes: 11
  • jlpt-N1　grade_09

　 　


Agree? Disagree? Express your opinion by posting a comment.

This publication has included material from the MDBG free online English to Chinese dictionary files in accordance with the license provisions of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License.

This publication has included material from the JMdict (EDICT, etc.) dictionary files in accordance with the license provisions of the Electronic Dictionaries Research Group.

This publication has included material from the Unicode Character Database. Copyright © 1991-2016 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. Distributed under these Terms of Use.


Protected by Copyscape
Copyright © 2010-2026 debunKanji.com, all rights reserved.